Circumcision is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of the foreskin covering the tip of the penis. It's often performed for religious, cultural, or medical reasons such as preventing recurrent urinary tract infections or treating conditions like phimosis (tight foreskin).

Circumcision can be performed at any age in India. For religious or cultural reasons, it's often done in infancy or early childhood. However, it can also be performed in adolescents or adults, particularly for medical reasons.

There are several techniques for circumcision. Common methods include the use of a specialized clamp or ring. In all methods, the foreskin is separated from the head of the penis and then cut off. The procedure is typically performed under local or general anesthesia.

The circumcision procedure is typically performed under anesthesia, so the patient should not feel pain during the procedure. Post-operatively, some discomfort or pain is normal but can be managed with prescribed pain relief medications.

As with any surgery, circumcision has potential risks. These can include infection, excessive bleeding, and adverse reactions to anesthesia. There could also be complications like improper healing, pain during erection, or a decrease in sensation during sexual activity.

It usually takes about 7-10 days for the penis to heal after a circumcision. During this period, there may be swelling, discomfort, or sensitivity. It is important to keep the area clean and avoid any activities that might cause injury, such as rigorous physical activities or sexual activities, until completely healed.

The impact of circumcision on sexual function varies among individuals. Some report a decrease in sensitivity, which may slightly alter sexual experience, while others notice little to no change. It's important to note that circumcision doesn't affect a man's fertility.

While it's true that circumcision can make it simpler to wash the penis, good hygiene can be maintained without circumcision. Regular washing and cleaning under the foreskin can generally keep the area clean and prevent infections.

Yes, there are alternative treatments to circumcision for conditions like phimosis. These may include topical steroid creams, preputioplasty (a surgical procedure that loosens the foreskin without removing it), or gradual stretching of the foreskin.

Coverage for circumcision varies widely among health insurance providers in India. If the procedure is being done for medical reasons, insurance may cover some or all of the costs. However, if it's performed for cultural or religious reasons, it may not be covered. It's best to check with your individual insurance provider for specifics.